|
Page references are to:
'Dirr's Hardy Trees and Shrubs:'
An Illustrated Encyclopedia
By Michael A. Dirr
Timber Press
Portland, OR
Copyright; 1997.
(if you love trees, GET THIS REFERENCE BOOK!)
ID Links:
Columnar or Fastigiate Growth Habit
- p.24; Red Maple; Acer rubrum 'Armstrong' or 'Bowhall'
- p.26; Sugar Maple; Acer saccharum 'Monumentale'
- p.38; European Alder; Alnus glutinosa 'Pyramidalis'
- p.58; European White Birch; Betula pendula 'Fastigiata'
- p.72; European Hornbeam; Carpinus betulus 'Fastigiata' or 'Columnaris'
- p.156; European Beech; Fagus sylvatica 'Fastigiata'
- p.167; Ginkgo; Ginkgo biloba 'Fastigiata' 'Princeton Sentry' (male selection)
- p.218; Panicled Goldenrain Tree; Koelreuteria paniculata 'Fastigiata'
- p.228; Tulip Tree; Liriodendron tulipifera 'Fastigiatum'
- p.304; Sargent Cherry; Prunus sargentii 'Columnaris'
- p.315; Callery Pear; Pyrus calleryana 'Chanticleer' (also 'Select', 'Cleveland Select' or 'Stone Hill')
- p.326; English Oak; Quercus robur 'Fastigiata' (also 'Attention', 'Rose Hill' or 'Skyrocket')
- p.393; Pond Cypress; Taxodium ascendens
Tolerance To Dry Soils; Drought Conditions (Trees)
- p.15; Trident Maple; Acer buergerianum
- p.16; Hedge Maple; Acer campestre
- p.28; Purpleblow Maple; Acer truncatum
- p.37; Italian Alder; Alnus cordata
- p.72; European Hornbeam; Carpinus betulus
- p.85; Sugar Hackberry; Celtis laevigta
- p.88; Eastern Redbud; Cercis canadensis
- p.107; Corneliancherry Dogwood; Cornus mas
- p.142; Russian-Olive; Elaeagnus angustifolia
- p.147; Hardy Rubber Tree; Eucommia ulmoides
- p.153; Korean Evodia; Evodia daniellii
- p.164; Green Ash; Fraxinus pennsylvanica
- p.167; Ginkgo; Ginkgo biloba
- p.168; Thornless Common Honeylocust; Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis
- p.205-214; Juniper & Eastern Red Cedar; Juniperus
- p.218; Panicled Goldenrain Tree; Koelreuteria paniculata
- p.228; Sweetgum; Liquidambar styraciflua
- p.238; Osage-Orange; Maclura pomifera
- p.288; London Planetree; Platanus x acerifolia
- p.302; Beach Plum; Prunus maritima
- p.315; Callery Pear; Pyrus calleryana
- p.320; Sawtooth Oak; Quercus acutissima
- p.326; Willow Oak; Quercus phellos
- p.326; English Oak; Quercus robur
- p.340-343; Rhus; Sumac
- p.399; American Arborvitae; Thuja occidentalis
- p.403; Littleleaf Linden; Tilia cordata
- p.412; Lacebark Elm; Ulmus parvifolia
- p.442; Japanese Zelkova; Zelkova serrata
Tolerance To Dry Soils; Drought Conditions (Shrubs)
- p.15; Fiveleaf Aralia; Acanthopanax sieboldianus
- p.43; Indigobush Amorpha; Amorpha fruticosa
- p.45; Devil's-Walkingstick; Aralia spinosa
- p.49-53; Barberry; Berberis
- p.71; Siberian Peashrub; Caragana arborescens
- p.80; Redroot; Ceanothus americanus
- p.85; American Bittersweet; Celastrus scandens
- p.109; Gray Dogwood; Cornus racemosa
- p.110; Redosier Dogwood; Cornus sericea (C. stolonifera)
- p.101; Common Bladder-Senna; Colutea arborescens
- p.101; Sweetfern; Comptonia peregrina
- p.116; Smokebush; Cotinus coggygria
- p.118-123; Cotoneaster
- p.133; Scotch Broom; Cytisus scoparius
- p.144; Autumn-Olive; Elaeagnus umbellata
- p.148; Winged Euonymus; Euonymus alatus
- p.179; Rose-of-Sharon; Hibiscus syriacus
- p.180; Seabuckthorn; Hippophae rhammoides
- p.205-214; Juniper; Juniperus
- p.224-226; Privet; Ligustrum
- p.230; Alps Honeysuckle; Lonicera alpigena
- p.231; Winter Honeysuckle; Lonicera fragrantissima
- p233; Blueleaf Honeysuckle; Lonicera korolkowii
- p.234; Amur Honeysuckle; Lonicera maackii
- p.235; Tatarian Honeysuckle; Lonicera tatarica
- p.236; European Fly Honeysuckle; Lonicera xylosteum
- p.258; Northern Bayberry; Myrica pensylvanica
- p.267-268; Mockorange; Philadelphus
- p.269; Common Ninebark; Physocarpus opulifolius
- p.294; Cinquefoil; Potentilla fruiticosa
- p.314; Firethorn; Pyracantha coccinea
- p.339; Black Jetbead; Rhodotypos scandens
- p.340; Fragrant Sumac; Rhus aromatica
- p.345; Bristly Locust; Robinia hispida
- p.363; Silver Buffaloberry; Shepherdia argentea
- p.376; Vanhoutte Spirea; Spiraea xvanhouttei
- p.383; Common Snowberry; Symphoricarpos albus
- p.384; Indiancurrent Coralberry; Symphoricarpos orbiculatus
- p.392; Five-Stamen Tamarix; Tamarix ramosissima
- p.395; English Yew; Taxus baccata
- p.397; Japanese Yew; Taxus cuspidata
- p.398; English-Japanese Yew; Taxus xmedia
- p.417; Mapleleaf Viburnum; Viburnum acerifolium
- p.420; Arrowwood Viburnum; Viburnum dentatum
- p.424; Wayfaringtree Viburnum; Viburnum lantana
- p.424; Nannyberry Viburnum; Viburnum lentago
- p.425; European Cranberrybush Viburnum; Viburnum opulus
- p.431; Rusty Blackhaw Viburnum; Viburnum rufidulum
- p.435; American Cranberrybush Viburnum; Viburnum trilobum
- p.441; Yucca
Tolerance To Moist Soils (Trees)
- p.20; Boxelder; Acer negundo
- p.24 Red Maple; Acer rubrum
- p.25 Silver Maple; Acer saccharinum
- p.37; Italian Alder; Alnus cordata
- p.38; European Alder; Alnus glutinosa
- p.56; River Birch; Betula nigra
- p.74; American Hornbeam; Carpinus caroliniana
- p.76; Pecan; Carya illinoinensis
- p.86; Common Hackberry; Celtis occidentalis
- p.164; Green Ash; Fraxinus pennsylvanica
- p.168; Thornless Common Honeylocust; Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis
- p.220; European Larch; Larix decidua
- p.228; Sweetgum; Liquidambar styraciflua
- p.228; Tulip Tree; Liriodendron tulipifera
- p.245; Sweetbay Magnolia; Magnolia virginiana
- p.254; Dawn Redwood; Metasequoia glyptostroboides
- p.260; Black Tupelo; Nyssa sylvatica
- p.288; London Planetree; Platanus x acerifolia
- p.291; Silver Poplar; Populus alba
- p.292; Eastern Cottonwood; Populus deltoides
- p.352; Weeping-Gold White Willow; Salix alba 'Tristis'
- p.352; Babylon Weeping Willow; Salix babylonica
- p.393; Pond Cypress; Taxodium ascendens
- p.394; Common Baldcypress; Taxodium distichum
- p.409; American Elm; Ulmus americana
Tolerance To Moist Soils (Shrubs)
- p.86; Buttonbush; Cephalanthus occidentalis
- p.100; Summersweet; Clethra alnifolia
- p.110; Redosier Dogwood; Cornus sericea
- p.198; American Holly; Ilex opaca
- p.201; Common Winterberry; Ilex verticillata
- p.202; Virginia Sweetspire; Itea virginica
- p.223; Drooping Leucothoe; Leucothoe fontanesiana
- p.226; Spicebush; Lindera benzoin
- p.259; Alabama Snow-Wreath; Neviusia alabamensis
- p.330; Coast Azalea; Rhododendron atlanticum
- p.334; Pinxterbloom Azalea; Rhododendron periclymenoides (R. nudiflorum)
- p.336; Swamp Azalea; Rhododendron viscosum
- p.354; Rosemary Willow; Salix elaeagnos (S. rosemarinifolia)
- p.354; Rosegold Pussy Willow; Salix gracilistyla
- p.355; Purpleosier Willow; Salix purpurea
- p.356; Japanese Fantail Willow; Salix Sachalinensis 'Sekka'
- p.356; Elderberry; Sambucus canadensis
- p.381; American Snowbell; Styrax americanus
- p.440; Yellowroot; Xanthorhiza simplicissima
- p.443; Dusty Zenobia; Zenobia pulverulenta
Tolerance To Shade (Trees)
- p.17; Amur Maple; Acer ginnala
- p.19; Fullmoon Maple; Acer japonicum
- p.21; Japanese Maple; Acer palmatum
- p.22; Striped Maple; Acer pensylvanicum
- p.31; Ohio Buckeye; Aesculus glabra
- p.32; Yellow Buckeye; Aesculus octandra
- p.39-42; Shadblow Serviceberry; Amelanchier
- p.44; Japanese Angelica Tree; Aralia elata
- p.48; Pawpaw; Asimina triloba
- p.74; American Hornbeam; Carpinus caroliniana
- p.88; Eastern Redbud; Cercis canadensis
- p.94; Hinoki Falsecypress; Chamaecyparis obtusa
- p.97; White Fringetree; Chionanthus virginicus
- p.103; Pagoda Dogwood; Cornus alternifolia
- p.104; Florida Dogwood; Cornus florida
- p.106; Kousa Dogwood; Cornus kousa
- p.107; Corneliancherry Dogwood; Cornus mas
- p.130; Japanese Cryptomeria; Cryptomeria japonica
- p.150; European Euonymus; Euonymus europaeus
- p.155-156; Beech; Fagus
- p.170; Carolina Silverbell; Halesia tetraptera
- p.172-176; Witchhazel; Hamamelis
- p.245; Sweetbay Magnolia; Magnolia virginiana
- p.257; Red Mulberry; Morus rubra
- p.261; American Hophornbeam; Ostrya virginiana
- p.262; Sourwood; Oxydendrum arboreum
- p.263; Persian Parrotia; Parrotia persica
- p.362; Japanese Umbrellapine; Sciadopitys verticillata
- p.379; Japanese Stewartia; Stewartia pseudocamellia
- p.380; Chinese Stewartia; Stewartia sinensis
- p.381; Japanese Snowbell; Styrax japonicus
- p.382; Fragrant Snowbell; Styrax obassia
- p.395-396; English Yew; Taxus baccata
- p.402; Hiba arborvitae; Thujopsis dolobrata
- p.407; Canadian (or Eastern) Hemlock; Tsuga canadensis
- p.408; Carolina Hemlock; Tsuga caroliniana
Tolerance To Shade (Shrubs)
- p.15; Fiveleaf Aralia; Acanthopanax sieboldianus
- p.33; Bottlebrush Buckeye; Aesculus parviflora & pavia
- p.67; Japanese Beautyberry; Callicarpa japonica
- p.69; Sweetshrub; Calycanthus floridus
- p.98; Harlequin Glorybower; Clerodendrum trichotomum
- p.100; Summersweet; Clethra alnifolia
- p.102; Tatarian Dogwood; Cornus alba
- p.104; Silky Dogwood; Cornus amomum
- p.109; Gray Dogwood; Cornus racemosa
- p.109; Bloodtwig Dogwood; Cornus sanguinea
- p.110; Redosier Dogwood; Cornus sericea
- p.111-113; Winterhazel; Corylopsis
- p.134-136; Daphne
- p.141; Leatherwood; Dirca palustris
- p.142; Disanthus cercidifolius
- p.145; Redvein Enkianthus; Enkianthus campanulatus
- p.145; Enkianthus cernuus
- p.146; White Enkianthus; Enkianthus perulatus
- p.148; Winged Euonymus; Euonymus alatus
- p.151; Wintergreen Euonymus; Euonymus fortunei
- p.152; Spreading Euonymus; Euonymus kiautschovicus
- p.160; Dwarf Fothergilla; Fothergilla gardenii
- p.161; Large Fothergilla; Fothergilla major
- p.172-176; Witchhazel; Hamamelis
- p.182-187; Hydrangea
- p.192-193; Japanese Holly; Ilex crenata
- p.195; Inkberry; Ilex glabra
- p.198; American Holly; Ilex opaca
- p.202; Virginia Sweetspire; Itea virginica
- p.216; Japanese Kerria; Kerria japonica
- p.223; Drooping Leucothoe; Leucothoe fontanesiana
- p.226; Spicebush; Lindera benzoin
- p.247; Oregon Grapeholly; Mahonia aquifolium
- p.274; Mountain Pieris; Pieris floribunda
- p.275; Japanese Pieris; Pieris japonica
- p.330-338; Rhododendron, Azalea
- p.339; Black Jetbead; Rhodotypos scandens
- p.340; Fragrant Sumac; Rhus aromatica
- p.344; Alpine Current; Ribes alpinum
- p.344; Clove Current; Ribes odoratum
- p.359; Sweetbox; Sarcococca hookerana
- p.364; Japanese Skimmia; Skimmia japonica
- p.377; Cutleaf Stephanandra; Stephanandra incisa
- p.381; American Snowbell; Styrax americanus
- p.383; Common Snowberry; Symphoricarpos albus
- p.395-396; English Yew; Taxus baccata
- p.397; Canadian Yew; Taxus canadensis
- p.397; Japanese Yew; Taxus cuspidata
- p.416; Highbush Bluberry; Vaccinium corymbosum
- p.417-435; Viburnum
- p.440; Yellowroot; Xanthorhiza simplicissima
- p.443; Dusty Zenobia; Zenobia pulverulenta
Some (Reputed) Low Deer Browse Risk Plants (Trees)
- p.15-28; Maple; Acer
- p.54-59; Birch; Betula
- p.72-73; Hornbeam; Carpinus betulus & caroliniana
- p.89-90; Redbud; Cercis canadensis & chinensis
- p.102-110; Dogwood; Cornus
- p.116-117; Smoketree; Cotinus coggygria & obovatus
- p.124-129; Hawthorn; Crataegus
- p.155-156; Beech; Fagus grandifolia & sylvatica
- p.163-164; Ash; Fraxinus americana & pennsylvanica
- p.167; Ginko; Ginko biloba
- p.168; Honeylocust; Gleditsia triacanthos
- p.176; WitchHazel; Hamamelis virginiana
- p.220-221; Larch; Larix
- p.228; Sweetgum; Liquidambar styraciflua
- p.228; Tulip Tree; Liriodendron tulipifera
- p.239-246; Magnolia
- p.260; Black Tupelo; Nyssa sylvatica
- p.270-271; Norway & White Spruce; Picea abies & glauca
- p.288-289; London Planetree; Sycamore; Platanus acerifolia & occidentalis
- p.320-328; Oak; Quercus
- p.352-356; Willow; Salix
- p.395-394; Cypress; Taxodium ascendens & distichum
Some (Reputed) Low Deer Browse Risk Plants (Shrubs)
- p.49; Barberry; Berberis
- p.64; Boxwood; Buxus
- p.69; Sweetshrub; Calycanthus floridus
- p.78; Blue Spirea; Caryopteris clandonensis
- p.86; Buttonbush; Cephalanthus occidentalis
- p.90-91; Flowering Quince; Chaenomeles japonica & speciosa
- p.99-100; Clethra; Clethra acuminata & alnifolia
- p.118-123; Cotoneaster
- p.133; Scotch Broom; Cytisus scoparius
- p.157-159; Forsythia
- p.172-175; Witchhazel; Hamamelis intermedia & japonica & vernalis
- p.179; Rose of Sharon; Hibiscus syriacus
- p.182-188; Hydrangea
- p.195; Inkberry; Ilex glabra
- p.205-214; Juniper; Juniperus
- p.216-217; Kerria; Kerria japonica
- p.222-223; Leucothoe; Leucothoe axillaris & fontanesiana
- p.224-226; Privet; Ligustrum
- p.247; Oregon Grape Holly; Mahonia aquifolium
- p.258; Bayberry; Myrica pensylvanica
- p.267-268; Mock Orange; Philadelphus coronarius
- p.294; Cinquefoil; Potentilla fruticosa
- p.371-376; Spirea; Spiraea
- p.383-384; Snowberry; Symphoricarpos albus & chenaultii
- p.386-391; Lilac; Syringa
- p.417-435; Viburnum
- p.438; Weigela
Some (Reputed) Low Deer Browse Risk Plants (Flowers)
- Achillea (Yarrow)
- Aconitum (Monks Hood)
- Ajuga (Bugleweed)
- Alcea (Perennial Hollyhock)
- Alchemilla (Lady's Mantle)
- Allium (Flowering Onion)
- Althea (Bi-annual Hollyhock)
- Artemesia (Wormwood)
- Astilbe
- Clematis
- Coreopsis
- Dicentra (Bleeding Heart)
- Digitalis (Foxglove)
- Echinacea (Purple Cone Flower)
- Iris sibrica
- Lavendula (Lavender)
- Liatris (Gay Feather)
- Monarda
- Paeonia (Peony)
- Perovskia (Russian Sage)
- Rudbeckia (Blackeyed Susan)
- Salvia
- Sedum (Stonecrop)
- Veronica (Speedwell)
Shrubs with Strong Fragrant Flowers
- p.62; Orange-Eye Butterflybush; Buddleia davidii
- p.69; Sweetshrub; Calycanthus floridus
- p.98; Harlequin Glorybower; Clerodendrum trichotomum
- p.100; Summersweet; Clethra alnifolia
- p.134-136; Daphne
- p.143; Cherry Elaeagnus; Elaeagnus multiflora
- p.160; Dwarf Fothergilla; Fothergilla gardenii
- p.161; Large Fothergilla; Fothergilla major
- p.231; Winter Honeysuckle; Lonicera fragrantissima
- p.267-268; Mockorange; Philadelphus
- p.330; Coast Azalea; Rhododendron atlanticum
- p.334; Pinxterbloom Azalea; Rhododendron periclymenoides (R. nudiflorum)
- p.334; Roseshell Azalea; Rhododendron prinophyllum (R. roseum)
- p.336; Swamp Azalea; Rhododendron viscosum
- p.338; Rhododendron 'Exbury'
- p.347-351; Rose; Rosa
- p.359; Sweetbox; Sarcococca hookerana
- p.386-391; Lilac; Syringa
- p.418; Burkwood Viburnum; Viburnum xburkwoodii
- p.419; Fragrant Viburnum; Viburnum xcarlcephalum
- p.420; Koreanspice Viburnum; Viburnum carlesii
- p.442; Fragrant Viburnum; Viburnum farreri
- p.423; Judd Viburnum; Viburnum xjuddii
Viburnum Leaf Beetle resistance
Highly Resistant:
Somewhat Resistant:
- Burkwood;Viburnum xburkwoodii
- Koreanspice; Viburnum carlesii
- Judd; Viburnum; xjuddii
- Japanese Snowball;Viburnum plicatum
- Leatherleaf; Viburnum rhytidophyllum
- Tea; Viburnum setigerum
Not Resistant:
- Arrowwood; Viburnum dentatum
- American Cranberrybush;
- Viburnum trilobum
- Viburnum rafinesquianum
- European Cranberry;Viburnum opulus
- Sargent; Viburnum sargentii
Plants that establish & overwinter poorly when installed late in the growing season:
- Abies (fir)
- Acer rubrum (red maple)
- Betula (birch)
- Carpinus (hornbeam)
- Cercidiphyllum japonicum (katsura tree)
- Cornus (dogwood)
- Crataegus (hawthorn)
- Fagus (beech)
- Ginko biloba
- Halesia (silverbell)
- Koelreuteria paniculata (golden raintree)
- Laburnum (golden chaintree)
- Liquidambar styraciflua (sweet gum)
- Liriodendron tulipifera (tulip tree)
- Magnolia
- Nyssa sylvatica (tupelo, sourgum)
- Ostrya virginiana (hop hornbeam)
- Oxydendrum arboreum (sourwood)
- Pyrus calleryana (callery pear)
- some Quercus (oak) species
- Sassafras albidum
- Sorbus (mountain ash)
- Taxodium distichum (bald cypress)
- Tilia tomentosa (silver linden)
- Tsuga (hemlock)
- Zelkova serrata
Perennials for Specific Sites & Uses:(taken from Ohio State University Fact Sheet)
- Plants for Sunny, Dry Areas:
- Achillea spp.-Achillea or Yarrow
• Anthemis tinctoria-Golden Marguerite
• Arabis caucasica-Rock Cress
• Armeria maritima-Common or Sea Thrift
• Artemisia spp.-Artemesia
• Asclepias tuberosa-Butterfly Weed
• Catananche caerulea-Cupid's Dart
• Coreopsis spp.-Coreopsis
• Echinops ritro-Small Globe Thistle
• Euphorbia spp.-Spurge
• Gaillardia spp.-Blanket Flower
• Helianthus x multiflorus-Perennial Sunflower
• Hemerocallis hybrids-Daylily
• Lavandula angustifolia-English Lavender
• Liatris spp.-Gayfeather
• Malva alcea-Hollyhock Mallow
• Oenothera spp.-Sundrops
• Opuntia humifusa-Prickly Pear Cactus
• Perovskia atriplicifolia-Russian Sage
• Polygonum cuspidatum var. compactum-Fleeceflower
• Rudbeckia spp.-Black-eyed Susan
• Sedum 'Autumn Joy'-Showy Stonecrop or Live-Forever
• Sempervivum tectorum-Hens & Chickens
• Stachys byzantina-Lamb's Ear
• Yucca filimentosa-Yucca
- Plants for Moist to Wet Areas:
- Actaea rubra-Red Baneberry
- Aruncus dioicus-Goat's Beard
• Astilbe x arendsii-Astilbe
• Campanula glomerata-Clustered Bellflower
- Chelone glabra-White Turtlehead
• Cimicifuga racemosa-Black Snakeroot
• Dicentra spp.-Bleeding Heart
• Houttuynia cordata 'Variegata'-Houttuynia
• Iris ensata-Japanese Iris
• Ligularia spp.-Ligularia
• Lobelia cardinalis-Cardinal Flower
• Lysimachia clethroides-Gooseneck Loosestrife
• Lysimachia punctata-Yellow Loosestrife
• Matteuccia pensylvanica-Ostrich fern
• Physostegia virginiana-Obedient Plant
• Rodgersia pinnata-Featherleaf Rodgersflower
- Tiarella cordifolia-Foam Flower
• Tradescantia x andersoniana-Virginia Spiderwort
• Trollis europaeus-Globeflower
- Plants for Full Shade:
- Ajuga reptans-Bugleweed
• Arum italicum 'Pictum'-Painted Arum
• Asarum spp.-Wild Gingers
• Convallaria majalis-Lily-of-the-Valley
• Dodecatheon media-Common Shooting Star
• Galium odoratum-Sweet Woodruff
• Helleborus orientalis-Lenten Rose
• Hosta spp.-Hosta
• Lamium maculatum-Spotted Deadnettle
• Liriope spicata-Creeping Lilyturf
• Mertensia virginica-Virginia Bluebells
• Osmunda regalis-Royal Fern
• Polygonatum biflorum-Small Solomon's Seal
• Polygonatum commutatum-Great Solomon's Seal
• Pulmonaria angustifolia-Blue Lungwort
• Pulmonaria saccharata-Bethlehem Sage
• Tiarella cordifolia-Foam Flower
• Tradescantia x andersoniana-Virginia Spiderwort
• Viola odorata-Sweet Violet
- Plants for Partial Shade:
- Alchemilla mollis-Lady's Mantle
• Anemone x hybrida-Japanese Anemone
• Aquilegia spp.-Columbine
• Astilbe spp.-Astilbe
• Bergenia cordifolia-Heartleaf Bergenia
• Brunnera macrophylla-Siberian Bugloss
• Ceratostigma plumbaginoides-Plumbago
• Dicentra spp.-Bleeding Heart
• Doronicum cordatum-Leopardsbane
• Geranium spp.-Cranesbill or Hardy Geranium
• Heuchera sanguinea-Coralbells
• Myosotis sylvatica-Garden Forget-me-not
• Tricyrtis hirta-Toadlily
- Plants for Long Bloom Season:
- Achillea 'Moonshine'-Moonshine Yarrow
• Asclepias tuberosa-Butterfly Weed
• Coreopsis lanceolata-Coreopsis
• Coreopsis verticillata 'Moonbeam'
• Dicentra eximia-Fringed Bleeding Heart
• Echinacea purpurea-Purple Coneflower
• Gaillardia x grandiflora-Blanket Flower
• Rudbeckia fulgida 'Goldsturm'-Black-eyed Susan
• Salvia x superba-Perennial Salvia
• Scabiosa spp.-Pincushion Flower
• Sedum 'Autumn Joy'-Showy Stonecrop or Live-Forever
• Veronica spicata 'Sunny Border Blue'-Spike Speedwell
- Fragrant Flowers:
- Arabis caucasica-Rock Cress
• Convallaria majalis-Lily-of-the-Valley
• Dianthus plumarius-Cottage Pinks
• Dictamnus albus-Gas Plant
• Hosta plantaginea-Fragrant Plantain Lily
• Iris hybrids-Iris
• Lavandula angustifolia-English Lavender
• Paeonia lactiflora-Peony
• Viola odorata-Sweet Violet
- Flowers for Cutting:
- Achillea spp.-Achillea or Yarrow
• Aconitum napellus-Garden Monkshood
• Alchemilla mollis-Lady's Mantle
• Anemone x hybrida-Japanese Anemone
• Aquilegia spp.-Columbine
• Armeria maritima-Common or Sea Thrift
• Astrantia major-Great Masterwort
• Campanula persicifolia-Peach-leaved Bellflower
• Chrysanthemum x superbum-Shasta Daisy
• Convallaria majalus-Lily-of-the-Valley
• Coreopsis spp.-Coreopsis
• Delphinium elatum-Delphinium or Larkspur
• Dicentra spp.-Bleeding Heart
• Echinacea purpurea-Purple Coneflower
• Echinops ritro-Small Globe Thistle
• Gaillardia spp.-Blanket Flower
• Gypsophilia paniculata-Baby's Breath
• Heliopsis helianthoides-Sunflower Heliopsis
• Heuchera sanguinea-Coralbells
• Lavandula angustifolia-English Lavender
• Liatris spp.-Gayfeather
• Lilium spp.-Hardy Lilies
• Lupinus 'Russell Hybrid'-Russel Hybrid Lupine
• Paeonia hybrids-Peony
• Penstemon spp.-Beardtongue
• Platycodon grandiflorus-Balloon Flower
• Rudbeckia spp.-Black-eyed Susan
• Scabiosa spp.-Pincushion Flower
• Stokesia laevis-Stokes Aster
• Veronica spicata-Spike Speedwell
- Plants for Dried Flower or Fruit Use:
- Achillea spp.-Achillea or Yarrow
• Alchemilla mollis-Lady's Mantle
• Asclepias tuberosa-Butterfly Weed
• Baptisia australis-False Indigo
• Catananche caerulea-Cupid's Dart
• Echinops ritro-Small Globe Thistle
• Gypsophilia paniculata-Baby's Breath
• Iris siberica-Siberian Iris (seed pod)
• Lavandula angustifolia-English Lavender
• Liatris spp.-Gayfeather
• Limonium latifolium-Statice
• Papaver orientale-Oriental Poppy (seed pod)
• Physalis alkekengi-Chinese Lanterns (seed pod)
• Scabiosa spp.-Pincushion Flower
- Attractive to Butterflies:
- Achillea spp.-Achillea or Yarrow
• Armeria maritima-Common or Sea Thrift
• Aruncus dioicus-Goat's Beard
• Asclepias tuberosa-Butterfly Weed
• Aubrieta deltoidea-False Rock Cress
• Chrysanthemum spp.-Mums
• Coreopsis spp.-Coreopsis
• Dictamnus albus-Gas Plant
• Echinacea purpurea-Purple Coneflower
• Gaillardia spp.-Blanket Flower
• Lavandula angustifolia-English Lavender
• Liatris spp.-Gayfeather
• Monarda didyma-Bee Balm
• Phlox paniculata-Summer Phlox
• Rudbeckia spp.-Black-Eyed Susan
• Sedum 'Autumn Joy'-Showy Stonecrop or Live-Forever
- Attractive to Hummingbirds:
- Alcea rosea-Hollyhock
• Aquilega spp.-Columbine
• Asclepias tuberosa-Butterfly Weed
• Dianthus spp.-Cottage Pinks
• Dicentra spp.-Bleeding Heart
• Digitalis spp.-Foxglove
• Hemerocallis spp.-Daylily
• Heuchera sanguinea-Coralbells
• Lobelia cardinalis-Cardinal Flower
• Monarda didyma-Bee Balm
• Penstemon spp.-Beardtongue
- Notes on native plant selections for moist to wet sites:
(Entries made in green are suggestions from Beverly J. Gibson, Horticulturalist of The Landmark Society of Western NY, Inc.)
(The following data & excerpts were taken from an article in The American Gardener, January/February 2005.)
PLANTING UNDER TREES
Protecting tree roots from damage is important when creating beds under trees.
By David Oettinger
Tree species (in the NE) that are ALLELOPATHIC. (They produce chemicals that can kill or may inhibit growth of other plants growing underneath or nearby...):
- Acer saccharum; sugar maple
- Celtis occidentalis; hackberry
- Juglans nigra; black walnut
- Prunus spp.; cherry
- Robinia pseudoacacia; black locust
- Sassafras albidum; sassafras
Disturbance Tolerant; THE FOLLOWING COMMON landscape trees have shown some tolerance of root disturbance or soil compaction:
- Acer rubrum (red maple)
- Carya glabra (pignut hickory)
- Cercis canadensis (eastern redbud)
- Crataegus phaenopyrum (Washington hawthorn)
- Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash)
- Gleditsia triacanthos (honey locust)
- Gymnocladus dioicus (Kentucky coffee-tree)
- Ilex opaca (American holly)
- Magnolia grandiflora (Southern magnolia)
- Picea abies (Norway spruce)
- Picea pungens (blue spruce)
- Pinus banksiana (Jack pine)
- Pinus virginiana (Virginia pine)
- Quercus prinus (chestnut oak)
- Quercus rubra (red oak)
Plants for Dry Shade; PLANTS GROWING UNDER TREES must tolerate shade cast by the canopy and dry conditions caused by the tree roots’ great intake of water. The following perennials and grasses fit the bill:
- Asarum canadense (Canadian hardy ginger)
- Aster cordifolius (blue wood aster)
- Aster divaricatus (white wood aster)
- Carex pensylvanica (Pennsylvania sedge)
- Chrysogonum virginianum (green and gold)
- Convallaria majus (lily of the valley)
- Dennstaedtia punctilobula (hay-scented fern)
- Epimedium spp. (barrenwort)
- Hakonechloa macra (Hakone grass)
- Helleborus foetidus (stinking hellebore)
- Liriope spp. (lilyturf)
- Ophiopogon spp. (Mondo grass)
- Polypodium virginianum (rock fern)
- Polystichum acrostichoides (Christmas fern)
- Sanguinaria canadensis (bloodroot)
Article conclusion:
Plant Selection
In general, shallow-rooted herbaceous perennials, bulbs, and ground covers are best suited to sharing soil space with existing tree roots because they need less growing medium and will not require the digging of large holes around the tree.
Small bulbs such as crocuses, snowdrops (Galanthus spp.), Iris reticulata, and hardy cyclamen (Cyclamen spp.) only need to be planted a couple of inches deep (or covered to that depth with new soil) and can be easily integrated between roots. Rhizomatous or shallowrooted ground covers like hardy gingers (Asarum spp.), Allegheny spurge (Pachysandra procumbens), crested iris (Iris cristata), foamflowers (Tiarella spp.), and some ferns are also ideal for such sites as long as the soil remains somewhat moist.
Because they need to be replaced frequently, annuals are not the best choice under shallow-rooted trees, notes Bonnie Appleton, an extension horticulturist at Virginia Polytechnic and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia. Digging fresh planting holes every year has the potential to cause ongoing root damage to the tree. Two to four inches of soil is not deep enough to successfully plant shrubs with larger root balls. “There is no good way to incorporate a lot of large plants close under a tree without doing longterm damage to the tree,” says Nina Bassuk, a horticulture professor at Cornell University.
If you are set on planting shrubs underneath a tree, your best bet is to plant them in phases over several growing seasons. This provides the tree with some recovery time from root disturbance. If you are planting a bed of mixed shrubs and perennials, consider planting
perennials closest to the tree trunk, then gradually integrating shrubs as you get farther away from the tree’s major roots.
Remember, arboriculture, like gardening, is both an art and a science, so there’s no magic-bullet solution or rule of thumb that covers every situation. But you’ll have better results with your trees and garden plants if you take treeroot health into account before putting shovel to earth. When in doubt, consult a professional arborist rather than make a costly mistake or risk the loss of a treasured tree.
Deer Deterrents That Work
by Walter Chandoha (taken from his book; 100 Garden Tips and Timesavers)
Once roaming open fields and forests and controlled by natural predators, deer now must make their home near housing developments, office parks, and shopping malls, and their populations are growing. Little wonder then that they treat our gardens like buffet bars. Thoughtful plant choices, fences, dogs, and repellents help to keep deer at bay.
Arched over tasty vegetable crops, wire fencing discourages hungry deer.
How to do it:
• As a first line of defense, line paths and garden borders with deer-repelling plants such as alliums and aromatic herbs like mints (Mentha), lavenders (Lavandula), sages (Salvia), and thyme (Thymus). If that first nibble smells or tastes nasty, the deer may just move on without venturing further into the garden.
• Woody plants like boxwood (Buxus), spireas (Spiraea), rhododendrons, and blue spruce (Picea pungens); annuals such as ageratum, celosias, cleomes, marigolds (Tagetes), and zinnias; and herbaceous perennials like coreopsis, lupines (Lupinus), and poppies (Papaver), touted by nurseries as "deer resistant," are just that. Do deer stay away from these plants? That depends on how hungry they are. They do seem to avoid many ornamental grasses and silver-leafed or fuzzy plants like artemisias, dusty miller (Senecio cineraria), and lamb's ears (Stachys byzantia).
• Avoid planting tulips, a deer favorite, use daffodils (Narcissus) instead. They are noxious to deer.
• Fence deer out: An eight-foot-high wire or plastic fence is effective but unsightly and expensive. Less aesthetically challenging, an electric fence with just a single strand of wire works perhaps 90 percent of the time. In the vegetable garden, arch two-by-four-inch-mesh wire fencing over vulnerable produce. The arches can be moved for working on the beds or harvesting.
• Even better than a fence is a dog, provided the dog is at liberty and willing to give chase to the deer.
• If you use scent and taste repellents, alternate them frequently.
• Stuff the toe of a cut-off panty hose leg with a handful of human hair and suspend it near a vulnerable plant.
• Hang bars of scented soap in trees and shrubs prone to deer browse.
• Apply a spray made by mixing water with crushed garlic, old eggs, and hot pepper sauce around vulnerable plants.
• Scatter Milorganite, a fertilizer made from sewer effluent, around ornamental plants that deer favor (not recommended for vegetable or herb gardens).
• Check with other gardeners in your area about their success with commercial products and regimes of alternating deer repellents before you purchase one or more products such as Living Fence, Hinder, Deer Off, Deer Away, or Bobbex.
Dog Versus Deer
Years ago I had a Bouvier and later a mutt, which were free to roam my farm during the day but were kept indoors at night. Whenever the dogs spotted deer, they gave chase. They never caught up with any, but their presence was enough to deter the deer from foraging in my yard at night, when they usually do most of their damage.
Invisible electronic dog fencing installed along the periphery of the property is a good way to keep a pet from straying. The dog wears an electronic collar that gives it a mild shock when it crosses a buried wire. After as short training session, the dog learns not to cross the buried electric fence.
Walter Chandoha has been a professional freelance photographer and writer for over 40 years, specializing in flora and fauna of the world. Much of his inspiration is drawn from his 46-acre farm in northwestern New Jersey, where he has many experimental gardens of flowers, vegetables, fruits, herbs, and ornamental grasses. His photographs and articles have appeared in books for Time/Life, Ortho, National Home Gardening Club, and Meredith Books, as well as in periodicals such as Good Housekeeping, National Geographic, Country Living, House Beautiful, Architectural Digest, Organic Gardening, Garden Design, Better Homes and Gardens, and The New York Times. |
